Civil Engineering Hydraulics free Download

Civil Engineering Hydraulics: Essential Theory with Worked Examples 

C. Nalluri (Author), R. E. Featherstone (Author)

Civil Engineering Hydraulics: Essential Theory with Worked Examples free Download

Contents 

1.       Properties of Fluids

2.       Fluid Statics

3.       Fluid Flow Concepts and Measurements

4.       Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Pipelines

5.       Pipe Networks Analysis

6.       Pump – Pipeline System Analysis and Design

7.       Boundary Layers on Flat Plates and in Ducts

8.       Steady Flow in Open Channels

9.       Dimensional Analysis, Similitude and Hydraulic Models

10.   Ideal Fluid Flow and Curvilinear Flow

11.   Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow  from Reservoirs

12.   Mass Oscillations and Pressure Transients in Pipelines

13.   Unsteady Flow in Channels

14.   Uniform Flow in Loose-Boundary Channels

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Scrapers used for clearing the site

It is a digging and carrying device which picks up its own load by scraping the ground, and transports it to site. After discharging the material it spreads the same over the desired area and returns to the pit site for scraping the next load. It consists essentially of a large scoop with a cutting edge. The scoop is a bucket or shallow container of steel known as bowl or body.

It is this bowl or body which excavates, transports and dumps the material, where required. Scoop is designed to excavate, load and transport the material  over a relatively short distance upto about 450 meters or  half kilometer. The cutting edge of this scoop excavates  the earth and the excavated material is collected in the  body of the scraper through the body from the front gate of the bucket. This material is discharged at the site from the rear gate of the bucket. Thus this machine is the most economical and useful for earthwork operation of a project as it is self- operating to the extent of loading, hauling and discharging material at the site. 

Three types of scrapers are available

Towed Scrapers – these consist of four wheeled scraper bowl which is towed behind a power unit such as a crawler tractor

Three Axle Scrapers – these consist of a two wheeled scraper bowl which may have a rear engine to assist the four wheeled traction engine which makes up the complement.

Two Axle Scrapers – these have a two wheeled scraper bowl with an attached two wheeled power unit.

Storey Enclosure Method

Storey enclosure unit – It measure the area of external walls, floors and roof areas (effectively enclosing the building) and multiplying them by an appropriate weighting factor.

Not much used in practice and involves greater calculation.

Historical data are not readily available

Provides a single rate

Take into account of difference in plan shape total floor area, vertical position of the floors, overall height, storey height, extra costs of providing usable floor areas below ground.

1.  Floor areas, measured from the internal face of external walls and subject to the following  weightings

basements X 3

ground floor X 2

first floor X 2,15

second floor X 2.30 and add 0,15 for each successive floor

2. Roof areas are measured in its plan projection, to the extremities of eaves: roof x 1. 

3. External wall areas, measured on the external face of the walls:

 basement wall area      X 2    (basement floor to ground floor  level)

Above ground wall areas X 1  (ground floor to ceiling of top floor with no deduction for openings)

When this method was suggested, it aimed at  overcoming the problems detected in other single-rate estimating methods, by taking into account variations in plan shape and storey height. Unfortunately, the method was never totally adopted by construction professionals because it requires much more calculations than other single-rate methods and because the rates needed cannot be directly extracted from historical data

 Storey enclosure unit Method Estimate

The primary function of bill of quantities

The primary function of bill of quantities

Bill of quantities need to provide a source of data for quantity surveyors to estimating 

Collect to the data for feedback of information for the contractor

To serve as a contract document  -  because this sets a standard of verbal precision and quantitative reliability without which none of the other functions would have a satisfactory basis.

To provide a basis for tendering - because most contract  are placed as a result or  competitive tendering, and a bill common to all tenders  esures comparability of tenders and is more economical of time and effort (both of which, ultimately, have to be paid for by employer).

To provide basis for interim certificate,

Necessary to a basis for valuing variations – these two being direct extensions of the contractual functions of bill of quantities which come into action post contract.

To serve the contractor in the organization of his work

To facilitate financial control by the employer 

Structural Concrete Theory and Design Free download

Structural Concrete Theory and Design Free download

Structural e-books

Structural Concrete Theory and Design Free download

Structural Concrete Theory and Design 4th Edition

Authors: M. Nadim Hassoun and Akthem Al-Manaseer

Contents: Contents:

1. Introduction

2. Properties of Reinforced Concrete

3. Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams

4. Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

·         4.2 Rectangular Sections with Reinforcement Only

·         4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Concrete Cover

·         4.6 Additional Examples

·         4.7 Examples Using SI Units

5. Alternative Design Methods

·         5.2 Load Factors

·         5.7 Strut and Tie Method

6. Deflection and Control of Cracking

·         6.1 Deflection of Structural Concrete Members

·         6.2 Instantaneous Deflection

·         6.7 ACI Code Requirements

·         7. Development Length of Reinforcing Bars

7.1 Introduction

·         7.2 Development of Bond Stresses

·         7.3 Development Length in Tension

·         7.4 Development Length in Compression

·         7.9 Moment-Resistance Diagram (Bar Cutoff Points)

8. Shear and Diagonal Tension

·         8.1 Introduction

·         8.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams

·         8.3 Behavior of Beams Without Shear Reinforcement

·         8.11 Deep Flexural Members

·         8.12 Examples Using SI Units

9. One-Way Slabs

·         9.1 Types of Slabs

·         9.7 One- Way Joist Floor System

10. Axially Loaded Columns

·         10.1 Introduction

·         10.8 Long Columns

11. Members in Compression and Bending

·         11.7 Strength of Columns for Tension Failure

·         11.8 Strength of Columns for Compression Failure

·         11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform Reinforcement Under Biaxial Bending

·         11.16 Square and Rectangular Columns Under Biaxial Bending

·         11.17 Parme Load Contour Method

·         11.18 Equation of Failure Surface

·         11.19 SI Examples

12. Slender Columns

·         12.1 Introduction

·         12.2 Effective Column Length

·         12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method

13. Footings

·         13.1 Introduction

·         13.2 Types of Footings

·         13.3 Distribution of Soil Pressure

·         13.4 Design Considerations

·         13.10 Footings on Piles

·         13.11 SI Equations

14. Retaining Walls

·         14.1 Introduction

·         14.2 Types of Retaining Walls

·         14.3 Forces on Retaining Walls

·         14.10 Drainage

·         14.11 Basement Walls

15. Design for Torsion

16. Continuous Beams and Frames

17. Design of Two-Way Slabs

18. Stairs

19. Introduction to Prestressed Concrete

20. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

21. Beams Curved in Plan

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Consideration Selection of Bridge Site

Consideration Selection of Bridge Site

Before a bridge is constructed, a suitable site is selected based on certain factors which have bearing on the economy and stability of the bridge.

1. At bridge site the reach of the stream should be straight.

2. The site should be geologically sound i.e. it should be away from fault zone, and should have unyielding, non erodible foundation for abutments and piers.

3. At the site, the stream should be narrow with well defined and firm banks.

4. At site the river flow should be without whirls and cross currents.

5. At the site there should be suitable high banks above high flood level on each side.

6. The approaches should be economical. They should not be very high or long or liable to flank attacks of the river during floods. They should be free from obstacles such as hills, frequent drainage crossings, built up areas, sacred areas as grave yards, or trouble some land acquisition etc.

7. The site should be at reasonable proximity to a direct alignment of the road to be connected.

8. There should be no sharp curves in the approaches.

9. Absence of costly river training works, where they are unavoidable they should be executed in dry as far as possible.

10. Avoidance of excessive under water construction work.

11. If it is un-avoidable, necessity for the approaches of the bridge to cross the spill zone of a river, they  should (while processing through the spill zone towards the river), face down stream and not up stream. Facing up stream will cause heading up, pocket formation, and danger to the approaches.

Road Making Plants and Machinery

Road Making Plants and Machinery 

In road construction project different machinery is required for different types of jobs. The sequence of

job operations can be as follows:

 1. Clearing the site.

 2. Formation of sub grade—Embankment or cutting.

 3. Spreading of material.

 4. Rolling or compaction.

 5. Surfacing.

 

Machinery used for clearing the site. For site clearance generally following machinery can be used:

  (a) Dozer—bull dozer, angle dozer, tree dozer, etc. 

  (b) Rooter or Ripper.

  (c) Tractor.

  (d) Scraper.

 Formation of sub grade.  For this purpose earth digging equipment is also used as drag line, shovel, etc.

For preparing the sub grade generally following machinery is used:

   (a) Tractor

   (b) Dozer

   (c) Grader

   (d) Shovel

   (e) Drag line

   (f) Clam shell

   (g) Trucks

   (h) Rollers

   ( i )Plough  etc.

Manufacturing and spreading of Material. For this operation generally following equipment is

required:

    (a) Crushers

    (b) Trucks

    (c) Aggregate distributors

4. Surfacing. Surfacing generally consists of the following types:

     (a) Bituminous surfacing

     (b) Concrete surfacing

     For bituminous surfacing following equipment is required:

     (i) Bitumen boiler

     (ii) Bitumen sprayer

     (iii) Aggregate spreader

     (iv) Bitumen mix spreading machine

     (v) Grouting, machine

     (vi) Rollers.

Concrete surfacing needs equipment as follows:

(i)                  Central batching and mixing plant

(ii)                concrete mixers

(iii)               Concrete pavers

(iv)              Concrete sprayer

(v)                 Concrete vibrators etc.

Les Quais by Fabrice Dusapin

Les Quais by Fabrice Dusapin

Architect Fabrice Dusapin came up with a project that complements diversity of urban “quai” of François Mitterrand. “Quai” is a french word for docks. Project, located on the banks of Loire river in the french city of Nantes, has very different building heights and volumetric comparing to an existing renewed house and a new residential building. Located on a large parcel, the project offers a space with an alley and access to the Loire river. This project is composed from four parts: maison de ville, ateliers, centre and building itself that fits around a square that represents heart of the area. Residents of apartments have a fabulous view at the river and take advantage of natural lighting. The yard catches eye at first sight; various shapes like some very different buildings glued together. The conglutination reflects on functionality of these buildings - the yard is poly-functional. It houses residential parts as well as shops, parking slots, small square or halls for local activities.

Les Quais / Fabrice Dusapin

Architect:  :   Fabrice Dusapin, architectes, urbanistes

Location   :   Ile de Nantes, Nantes, France

Client:       : PROMOGIM

Site area  :  6,205 sqm

Built area  : 11,800 sqm

Project year: 2010

Floor plan

Site plan

Industrial Building Systems

Industrial Building Systems are those structures used by an industry; this can be of any type ranging from salt and sand to those manufacturing of heavy equipment.   Generally at least a part and in most cases the entire area is of one storey height.  These buildings offer column free support and there lengths can vary largely, also these types of buildings provide thousands of usable square feet for manufacturing needs thereby offering the most cost effective solution in the market today.

Also these buildings are fully customizable with a variety of ceiling lights, windows, insulation and doors.   The speed of erection, high strength to weight ratio and ease of extension make steel the most popular industrial building material. Types of Industrial Buildings These industrial buildings can be classified in different ways, given below are two major ways of classification:

• Normal type building systems
• Special type building systems.

 

Also normal usage identifies, normal type building systems as the shed type building systems which is a rather rough construction used basically for storage purposes.  Also popular are the open frame structures that mainly consist of a structure supported by a skeleton made of steel or reinforced concrete rather than by load-bearing walls.  They often have diagonal bracing or shear walls and diaphragms for lateral stability; the strength of steel only makes it possible to have buildings with longer spans

A wide variety of building types exists, ranging from major structures, such as power stations and process plants, to small manufacturing units for high quality goods.

The most common type is the simple rectangular structure, typically single-storey, which provides a weatherproof and environmentally comfortable space for carrying out manufacturing or for storage. First cost is always an overriding consideration, but within a reasonable budget a building of good appearance with moderate maintenance requirements can be achieved. While ease of extension and flexibility are desirable, first cost usually limits the provisions which can be usefully included in the design for these potential requirements. Although suitable provisions can achieve savings in the cost of specific future modifications, for example by avoiding, the use of special gable frames, changes in manufacturing processes or building use may vary the modifications required.

Master builder

Dampness in Buildings Causes

Dampness is the presence of hygroscopic moisture in the buildings. Ground water contains soluble salts, the most significant of which are chlorides, nitrates and sulphates. When dampness occurs, these pass with the water up the wall and are left behind when the water evaporates. Over many years of active dampness, large quantities of these salts accumulate within the masonry and decorative surface,

 most becoming concentrated in a general 'salt band'. Both chlorides and nitrates are usually hygroscopic, (i.e. they can absorb moisture from the surrounding environment) and, in general, the greater the amount of salts the greater the absorption of moisture - especially under humid conditions. 

 It leads to unhygienic conditions affecting badly the health and comfort of the inhabitants and deteriorating the buildings. Protection against dampness should form an essential feature for any type of construction.
Sources of Dampness
The sources which create dampness in buildings are 

a.    Geological and climatic conditions

• Rain penetration
• Ground moisture rise
• Condensation in buildings due to moisture in the atmosphere
• Drainage of the site
• Orientation of the buildings

b. Structural causes

• Water used during construction
• Defective construction

Effects of Dampness: 

Dampness tends to cause secondary damage to a building. The unwanted moisture enables the growth of various fungi in wood, causing rot. Plaster and paint deteriorate and wallpaper loosens. Stains, from the water, salts and from mould, mar surfaces. Floor coverings loose their bond with floor bases. 

Externally, mortar may crumble and salt stains may appear on the walls. Steel and iron fasteners rust. Electrical installations get damaged. It may also cause respiratory illness to the occupants. In extreme cases, mortar or plaster may fall away from the affected wall. 

Dampness in buildings can generally be divided into three main catagories, each caused by a different phenominum. The categories are rising damp, penetrating damp and condensation. 
Dampness is a major source of disrepair in a building and can be caused by several factors such as 

• Leaking pipes or overflows
• Rain seeping through the roof, spilling from a blocked gutter, seeping in around windows
• Rising damp due to a defective damp proof course or missing damp proof course
• Condensation where moisture in the air condenses onto cold surfaces