Aggregate ------------------------------------agg
Bitumen --------------------------------------bit
Block work -----------------------------------blk
Brick work -----------------------------------bwk
Building -------------------------------------bldg
Column ---------------------------------------col
Concrete -------------------------------------conc
Dam proof course/membrane --------- dpc/dpm
Drawing------------------------------- drg
Elevation ---------------------------------- EL
Foundation ----------------------------- fds
Full size ------------------------- FS
Setting out point ---------------------- SOP
Setting out line -------------------------- SOL
Near face------------------------------- NF
Far face ------------------------------- FF
Each face ------------------------------- EF
Each way ------------------------------- EW
Centers --------------------------------- crs
Centre to centre -------------------- c/c
Finishing floor level ---------------------- FFL
Structural floor level ----------------------- SFL
Average ----------------------------------- av
External ---------------------------- ext
Figure ---------------------------- FIG or fig
Internal ------------------------------------ int
Holes -------------------------------- hls or HOLES
Radius -------------------------------- rad
Inside ------------------------------------ id
Outside ---------------------------- od
Sheet ---------------------------------- sh
Horizontal ---------------------------------- hor
Vertical -------------------------- vert
Not to scale -------------------------- NTS or nts
Bottom ---------------------- B or b
Top ------------------------------- T or t
Saturday, May 8, 2010
Single-rate approximate estimating
1.Unit of accommodation method
This method is commonly used by national bodies such as the education and
health services at the inception stage of construction.If a client has an amount of
money to spend (a budget) then it would be possible to consider the likely number
of functional units which can be provided.From experience,it might be found
that the cost of providing a study bedroom in student accommodation is £20000.
Using this figure an expenditure of £12 million would provide accommodation
for approximately 600 students.On the other hand if the number of units is
known,a budget cost (usually expressed as a cost range) can be calculated.
Providing there are recent comparable data available,the unit method is useful
where a simple and quick cost range is needed in the early stages.It is difficult,
however,to adjust the costs for specific projects,in different locations,with varying
ground conditions and so on.
This method is commonly used by national bodies such as the education and
health services at the inception stage of construction.If a client has an amount of
money to spend (a budget) then it would be possible to consider the likely number
of functional units which can be provided.From experience,it might be found
that the cost of providing a study bedroom in student accommodation is £20000.
Using this figure an expenditure of £12 million would provide accommodation
for approximately 600 students.On the other hand if the number of units is
known,a budget cost (usually expressed as a cost range) can be calculated.
Providing there are recent comparable data available,the unit method is useful
where a simple and quick cost range is needed in the early stages.It is difficult,
however,to adjust the costs for specific projects,in different locations,with varying
ground conditions and so on.
Tuesday, May 4, 2010
Dam Proofing
Dam Proofing
In a building the structure should be free from dampness. A dam building is in healthy to these who lived in side and it causes damage to the building of the building there are various courses of dampness in the walls.
1. Moisture rising up in to the found a tin from the ground.
2. Rain beating against the walls which ay a absorb the Crain water.
3. A absorption of water from damage rain water pipes.
4. To prevent the water rising up the walls. From the foundations a special water proof layer is provided continuously on the top of the found tin. This layer is known as a horizontal dam proofing used in our country are 20mm thick cement, send rendering 112 and two coats of “bitumen” and coarse sand applied on the cement mortar bed some of o the materials used to form the horizontal dip asphalt bitumen/tar
Lead
Copper
Plastic.
M sot of these materials are very expensive in other countries in very dump soil for the DPC let and copper sheets are laid on 3 “thick cement concrete layers. The position of the horizontal dam proof course sold be atlas t loom a bode the ground level.
And if should be at least 50mm below the co west part of any wood member fixed to the wall
Eg;- feet of the door frame.
To preen rain H2 o passing from the top of walls, horizontal dam proof cares should be provided in immediately below the top course. Of the brick work with the walls are cohere a with roof to prevent this cause of dampness. The roof must be maintain properly.
In a building the structure should be free from dampness. A dam building is in healthy to these who lived in side and it causes damage to the building of the building there are various courses of dampness in the walls.
1. Moisture rising up in to the found a tin from the ground.
2. Rain beating against the walls which ay a absorb the Crain water.
3. A absorption of water from damage rain water pipes.
4. To prevent the water rising up the walls. From the foundations a special water proof layer is provided continuously on the top of the found tin. This layer is known as a horizontal dam proofing used in our country are 20mm thick cement, send rendering 112 and two coats of “bitumen” and coarse sand applied on the cement mortar bed some of o the materials used to form the horizontal dip asphalt bitumen/tar
Lead
Copper
Plastic.
M sot of these materials are very expensive in other countries in very dump soil for the DPC let and copper sheets are laid on 3 “thick cement concrete layers. The position of the horizontal dam proof course sold be atlas t loom a bode the ground level.
And if should be at least 50mm below the co west part of any wood member fixed to the wall
Eg;- feet of the door frame.
To preen rain H2 o passing from the top of walls, horizontal dam proof cares should be provided in immediately below the top course. Of the brick work with the walls are cohere a with roof to prevent this cause of dampness. The roof must be maintain properly.
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